Ministers said permitted sites will have to record waste arrivals in a central system within two working days, backed by a £26 annual operator fee and tougher penalties; MPs broadly supported the move but pressed for clarity on system costs, who will run it, links with devolved schemes and further action on fly-tipping and nitrous oxide canisters.

MPs warned that mining, dams and restricted access in Tibet could threaten water systems relied on by up to 1.8 billion people; the Government said it would continue climate work with China, support Himalayan resilience programmes and monitor reports that major projects may displace Tibetan communities.

The Government defended using strengthened planning rules and new national standards to reduce flood risk from new building, but resisted calls to bring in long-delayed legal duties under the 2010 Act, saying no final decision had been made.

Peers pushed the Government to put food production and farm profitability at the centre of its farming plans, while also asking how it will support climate resilience, upland and small family farms, and tackle bovine TB. Ministers pointed to new SFI and capital grants schemes, a forthcoming response to the Batters review and a 25-year farming road map, but several calls — including for clearer food-security targets and faster publication of the long-term plan — remained unresolved.